Mongkut

Mongkut (18 October 18041 October 1868), posthumously honoured as King Mongkut the Great was the king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama IV. He reigned from 1851 until his death in 1868. Although the term "Siam" had long been used by foreigners to refer to the kingdom, the title "King of Siam" came to be formally adopted during his reign, particularly in official and diplomatic contexts.

The reign of Mongkut was marked by significant modernization initiatives and diplomatic engagements, which played pivotal roles in shaping Siam's trajectory towards progress and international relations. It was during his reign that Siam first felt the pressure of Western expansionism. Mongkut embraced Western innovations and initiated reforms in technology, science, and culture, earning him the posthumous title "the Father of Science and Technology" in Siam.

His accurate prediction of the total solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 – later dubbed "the King of Siam's eclipse" – demonstrated his scientific acumen and became a symbol of Siam's engagement with modern science. Mongkut was also known for appointing his younger brother, Prince Chutamani, as Second King, crowned in 1851 as King Pinklao. Mongkut told the country that Pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself (as King Naresuan had done with his brother Ekathotsarot in 1583).

During Mongkut's reign, the power of the House of Bunnag reached its zenith: It became the most powerful noble family of Siam.